In the chemical industry, columns are utilized for a variety of mass transfer procedures, with the necessary separation being achieved by the countercurrent flow of liquid and vapor inside the column. Chemicals are separated using fractionation or distillation columns based on how volatile they are. To prevent chemical emissions and to comply with environmental requirements, stripper, absorber, and scrubber columns are used to separate and purify goods, recover unreacted raw materials or value products from waste streams, or remove dangerous chemicals from vents and waste streams.